BIOGRAPHY
October 01, 2022

Al-Behruni

Al-Behruni Al-Behruni was born in September 5, 973 in Khwarezm. His first twenty-five years were spent in Khwarezm where he studied fiqh, theology, grammar, mathematics, astronomy, medics, and other sciences. The end of the 10th century was the age of social unrest in the Islamic World. Thus in 995, he left for Bukhara, and in 998, he visited the court of the Ziyarid amir of Tabaristan, where he wrote his first important work, al-Athar al-Baqqiya ‘an al-Qorun al-Khaliyya on historical and scientific chronology. In 1017, Al-Biruni was taken to Ghazna, by Mahmud Ghaznavi. Biruni was made court astrology. After the Indian invasion; he was sent to India, for some years. Where Biruni became conversant in all things associated with India, even Sanskrit. During this time he wrote the Kitab Tarikh al-Hind, around 1030. Al-Biruni was one of the best scholars of the medieval Islamic era who contributed to physics, mathematics, astronomy, Geography, Pharmacology, Mineralogy, History, Chronology, Religion, and beliefs. He was responsive to different languages (Persian, Arabic, Sanskrit, Greek, Hebrew, Syriac, and Berber). He recorded observations of his travels to India in his book Kitab al-Hind which supplies an account of the historical and social conditions of the sub-continent. He translated two Sanskrit books into Arabic. He regarded the Indus Valley as, an ancient sea basin. On his return from India, al-Biruni wrote his famous book Qanun-i Masoodi, during which he discussed several theorems of astronomy, trigonometry, solar, lunar, and planetary motions, and related topics. His other book al-Athar al-Baqia, was an account of the ancient history of states, with Geography. During this book, he also discussed the rotation of the world and gave correct values of latitudes and longitudes of various places. He also wrote the Kitab-al-Saidana, about medicine. His book the Kitab-al-Jamahir deals with the properties of assorted precious stones. Al-Biruni discussed; centuries before the rest of the world, that the earth rotates around its axis. His book al-Tafhim-li-Awail Sina’at al-Tanjim gives a summary of mathematics and astronomy. He was the first to undertake experiments associated with astronomical phenomena, which laid down the first foundation of contemporary science and astronomy. He explained the working of normal springs and artesian wells by the hydrostatic principle of communicating vessels. He observed that flowers have 3,4,5,6, or 18 petals, but never 7 or 9. His important work was the tactic of determining the radius and circumference of the world. Al-Biruni wrote about 2 hundred books and made some instruments for astronomy. The illustrating method proposed and utilized by Al-Biruni to estimate the radius and circumference of the planet laid the muse of recent astronomy and has become the bottom of astronomy. Al-Biruni was a pioneer in the study of comparative religion. He studied Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Hinduism, Christianity, Buddhism, Islam, and other religions. In “Tarikh Al-Hind” he explored every aspect of Indian life, including religion, history, geography, geology, science, and mathematics. He has been considered jointly of the very greatest scientists of Islam. His critical spirit, love of truth, and scientific approach were combined with a way of toleration. He died in 1048 A.D. at the age of 75, after having spent 40 years thus gathering knowledge and making his original contributions to that. البیرونی البیرونی 5 ستمبر 973 کو خوارزم میں پیدا ہوئے۔ ان کے ابتدائی پچیس سال خوارزم میں گزرے جہاں انہوں نے فقہ، علم الٰہیات، گرامر، ریاضی، فلکیات، طب اور دیگر علوم کی تعلیم حاصل کی۔ 10ویں صدی کا اختتام اسلامی دنیا میں سماجی بے چینی کا دور تھا۔ چنانچہ 995ء میں وہ بخارا کے لیے روانہ ہوئے اور 998ء میں طبرستان کے امیر زیارد کے دربار میں گئے جہاں انہوں نے اپنی پہلی اہم تصنیف ’’الاطہر البقیع عن القرون الخیالیہ‘‘ تحریر کی۔ تاریخ 1017 میں، البیرونی کو محمود غزنوی نے غزنہ لے جایا۔ بیرونی کو درباری نجومی بنا دیا گیا۔ بھارتی حملے کے بعد؛ اسے چند سال کے لیے ہندوستان بھیج دیا گیا۔ جہاں برونی ہندوستان سے متعلق تمام چیزوں سے واقف ہو گئے، یہاں تک کہ سنسکرت سے بھی۔ اس دوران اس نے 1030 کے قریب کتاب تاریخ الہند لکھی۔ البیرونی قرون وسطیٰ کے اسلامی دور کے عظیم ترین اسکالرز میں سے ایک تھے اور جنہوں نے فزکس، ریاضی اور فلکیات، جغرافیہ، فارماکولوجی، معدنیات، تاریخ، تاریخ، تاریخ، مذہب اور نظریات میں اپنا حصہ ڈالا۔ وہ مختلف زبانوں (فارسی، عربی، سنسکرت، یونانی، عبرانی، سریانی اور بربر) سے واقف تھے۔ انہوں نے اپنی کتاب کتاب الہند میں ہندوستان کے اپنے سفر کے مشاہدات درج کیے ہیں جس میں برصغیر کے تاریخی اور سماجی حالات کا بیان ہے۔ اس نے سنسکرت کی دو کتابوں کا عربی میں ترجمہ کیا۔ وہ وادی سندھ کو ایک قدیم سمندری طاس سمجھتا تھا۔ ہندوستان سے واپسی پر البیرونی نے اپنی مشہور کتاب قانون مسعودی لکھی، جس میں اس نے فلکیات، مثلثیات، شمسی، قمری، اور سیاروں کی حرکات اور متعلقہ موضوعات کے کئی نظریات پر بحث کی۔ ان کی دوسری کتاب الاطہر البقیہ، جغرافیہ کے ساتھ قوموں کی قدیم تاریخ کا بیان تھا۔ اس کتاب میں اس نے زمین کی گردش پر بھی بحث کی ہے اور مختلف مقامات کے عرض بلد اور طول بلد کی صحیح قدریں بتائی ہیں۔ اس نے میڈیکا کے بارے میں کتاب السیدانہ بھی لکھی۔ ان کی کتاب کتاب الجماہر مختلف قیمتی پتھروں کی خصوصیات سے متعلق ہے۔ البیرونی نے بحث کی۔ باقی دنیا سے صدیوں پہلے، کہ زمین اپنے محور کے گرد گھومتی ہے یا۔ ان کی کتاب التفہیم لی اوائل سینا التنجیم میں ریاضی اور فلکیات کا خلاصہ ملتا ہے۔ وہ پہلا شخص تھا جس نے فلکیاتی مظاہر سے متعلق تجربات کیے، جنہوں نے جدید سائنس اور فلکیات کی ابتدائی بنیاد ڈالی۔ انہوں نے عام چشموں اور آرٹیشین کنوؤں کے کام کرنے کی وضاحت کی جو جہازوں کے رابطے کے ہائیڈرو سٹیٹک اصول کے ذریعہ ہے۔ اس نے دیکھا کہ پھولوں میں 3،4،5،6، یا 18 پنکھڑیاں ہوتی ہیں لیکن کبھی 7 یا 9 نہیں ہوتیں۔ اس کا اہم کام زمین کے رداس اور فریم کا تعین کرنے کا طریقہ تھا۔ البیرونی نے تقریباً دو سو کتابیں لکھیں اور فلکیات کے لیے چند آلات بنائے۔ البیرونی نے زمین

BIOGRAPHY
October 01, 2022

Mahmood Ghaznavi

Mahmood Ghaznavi Mahmood Gaznavi was born in 971AD, in khurasan. Mahmood Ghazni was the son of Abu Mansur Sabuktigin, who was a Turkish slave soldier of the Samanid ruler. In 994 Mahmood joined his father in the conquest of Ghazni for the Samanid ruler, it was a time of instability for the Samanid Empire. In 998AD Mahmood took control of the Ghazni and also conquered Qandahar. In 1001 AD, he started his military companies, which lasted before he died in 1030 AD. Mahmud’s campaigns seem to have been motivated by religious zeal against both the Fatimid’s Shiites and non-Muslims; Buddhists, Jains, and Hindus. Mahmood of Ghazna was one of the undefeatable military commanders of the world. He attacked South Asia seventeen times successfully and went back to Ghazni when with a good victory. He fought against the forces of Jaipal, Annadpal, Tarnochalpal, Kramta, and therefore the joint forces of Hindu Rajas and Maharajas but all of them were forced to escape far from the battlefield because of Mahmood’s war strategy as a general. The military campaigns of Mahmood Ghaznavi made him a controversial personality in the history of South Asia. Mahmood of Ghazni destroyed an important Hindu shrine- Krishna Janmabhoomi Temple (known as Kesava Deo Temple) in 1017 AD together with several other Hindu and Buddhist temples in the City of God of Mathura. Mahmud of Ghazni destroyed and looted one of the foremost sacred temples of Hindus- Somnath Temple in 1025 AD killing over 50,000 folks that tried to defend it. Because of this Mahmood Ghaznavi is considered a looter and plunderer by the foremost of the non-Muslims of South Asia. Mahmood of Ghazni became a sign of respect and bravery for South Asian Muslims and is considered their Hero. Mahmood weakened the ability of the neighbouring rulers as they might not attack the newly established Muslim state. The booty of war was accustomed to consolidating the ability of the state. After the conquest of Multan and Lahore, Mahmood made Punjab part of his empire in 1021. He also established his provincial headquarters in Lahore. Ghazni and Lahore become the middle of learning and culture. Thus Mahmood established a powerful Muslim empire, which lasted for hundreds of years. He also exposed the weakness of Hindu rajas, which enabled the Muslim leaders to beat India in the future. These all made him the Hero of the Muslims of South Asia. Mahmood of Ghazna was an excellent patron of learning. Firdausi the poet, Behqi the historian, and Al-Biruni the scholar and scientist were related to his court. Ghazni became one of the foremost important and exquisite cities in the Islamic world. Lahore also became an excellent centre of learning and culture. Mahmud was also a deeply religious man. He wrote a book on Fiqh. He had respect for other religions. A large number of Hindus lived in Ghazni, and they enjoyed religious freedom. one of his commanders Tilak was a Hindu. several soldiers in his army were also Hindus. Mahmud attacked the Hindu Temples in India thanks to political and not religious reasons. Mahmud Ghaznavi died on April 30, 1030AD. محمود غزنوی محمود غزنوی 971ء میں خراسان میں پیدا ہوئے۔ محمود غزنی ابو منصور سبوکتگین کا بیٹا تھا جو سامانی حکمران کا ترک غلام سپاہی تھا۔ 994 میں محمود سامانی حکمران کے لیے غزنی کی فتح میں اپنے والد کا ساتھ دیا، یہ سامانی سلطنت کے لیے عدم استحکام کا وقت تھا۔ 998ء میں محمود نے غزنی پر قبضہ کیا اور قندھار کو بھی فتح کیا۔ سنہ 1001 عیسوی میں اس نے اپنی فوجی کمپنیاں شروع کیں جو 1030 عیسوی میں اس کی موت سے پہلے قائم رہیں۔ ایسا لگتا ہے کہ محمود کی مہمات فاطمی شیعوں اور غیر مسلموں دونوں کے خلاف مذہبی جوش و جذبے سے محرک تھیں۔ بدھ، جین اور ہندو۔ غزنہ کا محمود دنیا کے ناقابل شکست فوجی کمانڈروں میں سے ایک تھا۔ اس نے جنوبی ایشیا پر سترہ مرتبہ کامیابی سے حملہ کیا اور ہر بار شاندار فتح کے ساتھ غزنی واپس چلا گیا۔ اس نے جے پال، انادپال، ترنوچلپال، کرمتا کی افواج اور ہندو راجاؤں اور مہاراجوں کی مشترکہ فوجوں کے خلاف جنگ لڑی لیکن محمود کی بطور جنرل جنگی حکمت عملی کی وجہ سے وہ سب میدان جنگ سے بھاگنے پر مجبور ہوئے۔ محمود غزنوی کی فوجی مہمات نے انہیں جنوبی ایشیا کی تاریخ میں متنازع شخصیت بنا دیا۔ غزنی کے محمود نے مقدس شہر متھرا میں کئی دیگر ہندو اور بدھ مندروں کے ساتھ 1017 عیسوی میں اہم ہندو عبادت گاہ – کرشنا جنم بھومی مندر (جسے کیسوا دیو مندر کے نام سے جانا جاتا ہے) کو تباہ کر دیا۔ غزنی کے محمود نے 1025 عیسوی میں ہندوؤں کے سب سے مقدس مندروں میں سے ایک سومناتھ مندر کو تباہ اور لوٹا اور اس کے دفاع کی کوشش کرنے والے 50,000 سے زیادہ افراد کو ہلاک کیا۔ اسی وجہ سے محمود غزنوی کو جنوبی ایشیا کے بیشتر غیر مسلم لٹیرے اور لٹیرے تصور کرتے ہیں۔ غزنہ کا محمود جنوبی ایشیائی مسلمانوں کے لیے عزت اور بہادری کا نشان بنا اور ان کا ہیرو سمجھا جاتا ہے۔ محمود نے پڑوسی حکمرانوں کی طاقت کو کمزور کر دیا کیونکہ وہ نئی قائم ہونے والی مسلم ریاست پر حملہ نہیں کر سکتے تھے۔ ریاست کی طاقت کو مستحکم کرنے کے لیے مال غنیمت کا استعمال کیا گیا۔ ملتان اور لاہور کی فتح کے بعد، محمود نے 1021 میں پنجاب کو اپنی سلطنت کا حصہ بنا لیا۔     اس نے لاہور میں اپنا صوبائی ہیڈکوارٹر بھی قائم کیا۔ غزنی اور لاہور علم و ثقافت کا مرکز بن گئے۔ اس طرح محمود نے ایک مضبوط مسلم سلطنت قائم کی جو سینکڑوں سال تک قائم رہی۔ اس نے ہندو راجوں کی کمزوری کو بھی بے نقاب کیا، جس کی وجہ سے مسلم رہنما مستقبل میں ہندوستان کو فتح کرنے میں کامیاب ہوئے۔ ان سب نے انہیں جنوبی ایشیا کے مسلمانوں کے لیے ہیرو بنا دیا۔ غزنہ کا محمود علم کا بہت بڑا سرپرست تھا۔ فردوسی شاعر، مورخ بیہقی اور البیرونی عالم اور سائنسدان اس کے دربار سے وابستہ تھے۔

BIOGRAPHY
October 01, 2022

Muhammad Bin Qasim

Muhammad Bin Qasim Muhammad bin Qasim was born around 695 AD. He belonged to the Saqqafi tribe; which had originated from Taif in Arabia. He grew up in the care of his mother; he soon became a great asset to his uncle Muhammad Ibn Yusuf, the governor of Yemen. His judgment, potential, and skills left many other officers and made the ruler appoint him to the State Department. He was also a close relative of Hajjaj bin Yousuf, due to the influence of Hajjaj, the young Muhammad bin Qasim was appointed the governor of Persia while in his teens, and he crushed the rebellion in this region. There’s also a preferred tradition that presents him because the son-in-law of Hajjaj bin Yousuf. He conquered the Sindh and Punjab regions along the Indus River for the Umayyad Caliphate. There are both long and short-term causes for the conquest of India. Arabs had trade with India and Eastern Asia. The trade was carried through a sea route; the route was unsafe because of the plunder of the Pirates of Sindh. The Arab rebels also get refuge in Sindh. Thus the Umayyad wanted to consolidate their rule and also secure the trade route. During Hajjaj’s governorship, the Mids of Debal (Pirates) plundered the gifts of Ceylon’s ruler to Hijjaj and attacked ships of Arabs that were carrying the orphans and widows of Muslim soldiers who died in the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka. Thus providing the Umayyad Caliphate a legitimate cause, that enabled them to realize a position in the Makran and Sindh regions. The Umayyad caliphate ordered Muhammad Bin Qasim to attack Sindh. He led 6,000 Syrian cavalries and at the borders of Sindh, he was joined by an advance guard and 6 thousand camel riders with five catapults (Manjaniks). Muhammad Bin Qasim first captured Debal, from where the Arab army marched along the Indus. At Rohri he was met by Dahir’s forces. Dahir died in the battle, his forces were defeated and Muhammad bin Qasim took control of Sind. Mohammad Bin Qasim entered Daibul in 712 AD. As a result of his efforts, he succeeded in capturing Daibul. He continued his Victorious Progress in succession, Nirun, fortress (called Sikka), Brahmanabad, Alor, Multan, and Gujrat. After the conquest of Multan, he carried his arms to the borders of the Kingdom of Kashmir, but his dismissal stopped the further advance. Now Muslims were the masters of the whole Sindh and a component of Punjab up to the borders of Kashmir in the north. After the conquest, he adopted a conciliatory policy, inquiring for acceptance of Muslim rule by the natives reciprocally for non-interference in their religious and cultural practices. He also established peace with a robust taxation system. reciprocally he provided the warranty of security of life and property for the natives. Hajjaj died in 714. When Walid Bin Abdul Malik died, his younger brother Suleman succeeded because of the Caliph. He was a bitter enemy of Hajjaj’s family. He recalled Mohammad Bin Qasim from Sindh, who obeyed the orders because of the duty of a general. When he came back, he was put to death on the 18th of July, 715AD at the age of twenty. محمد بن قاسم محمد بن قاسم 695ء کے لگ بھگ پیدا ہوئے۔ ان کا تعلق ثقفی قبیلے سے تھا۔ جس کی ابتدا عرب کے شہر طائف سے ہوئی تھی۔ وہ اپنی ماں کی دیکھ بھال میں پلا بڑھا۔ وہ جلد ہی یمن کے گورنر اپنے چچا محمد ابن یوسف کے لیے بہت بڑا اثاثہ بن گیا۔ اس کے فیصلے، صلاحیت اور مہارت نے بہت سے دوسرے افسروں کوپیچھے چھوڑ دیا اور حکمران کو مجبور کیا کہ وہ اسے ریاست کے محکمے میں تعینات کرے۔ وہ حجاج بن یوسف کا قریبی رشتہ دار بھی تھا، حجاج کے اثر و رسوخ کی وجہ سے نوجوان محمد بن قاسم کو نوعمری میں ہی فارس کا گورنر مقرر کیا گیا اور اس نے اس علاقے میں بغاوت کو کچل دیا۔ ایک مشہور روایت بھی ہے جو اسے حجاج بن یوسف کے داماد کے طور پر پیش کرتی ہے۔ اس نے اموی خلافت کے لیے دریائے سندھ کے ساتھ سندھ اور پنجاب کے علاقوں کو فتح کیا۔ ہندوستان کی فتح کے طویل اور قلیل مدتی دونوں اسباب ہیں۔ عربوں کی ہندوستان اور مشرقی ایشیا سے تجارت تھی۔ تجارت سمندری راستے سے ہوتی تھی۔ سندھ کے قزاقوں کی لوٹ مار کی وجہ سے راستہ غیر محفوظ تھا۔ عرب باغیوں کو بھی سندھ میں پناہ ملتی ہے۔ اس طرح بنو امیہ اپنی حکومت کو مضبوط کرنا چاہتے تھے اور تجارتی راستے کو بھی محفوظ بنانا چاہتے تھے۔ حجاج کی گورنری کے دوران، دیبل کے بحری قزاقوں نے حجاج کو سیلون کے حکمران کے تحفے لوٹ لیے اور عرب کے بحری جہازوں پر حملہ کیا جو سری لنکا میں مرنے والے مسلمان فوجیوں کے یتیموں اور بیواؤں کو لے جا رہے تھے۔ اس طرح اموی خلافت کو ایک جائز مقصد فراہم کیا، جس نے انہیں مکران اور سندھ کے علاقوں میں قدم جمانے کے قابل بنایا۔ اموی خلافت نے محمد بن قاسم کو سندھ پر حملہ کرنے کا حکم دیا۔ اس نے 6,000 شامی گھڑ سواروں کی قیادت کی اور سندھ کی سرحدوں پر اس کے ساتھ ایک پیشگی محافظ اور چھ ہزار اونٹ سوار اور پانچ کیٹپلٹس (منجانک) تھے۔ محمد بن قاسم نے سب سے پہلے دیبل پر قبضہ کیا، جہاں سے عرب فوج نے سندھ کے ساتھ ساتھ کوچ کیا۔ روہڑی میں اس کی ملاقات داہر کی افواج سے ہوئی۔ داہر جنگ میں مر گیا، اس کی فوجوں کو شکست ہوئی اور محمد بن قاسم نے سندھ پر قبضہ کر لیا۔ محمد بن قاسم 712ء میں دیبل میں داخل ہوا۔ ان کی کوششوں کے نتیجے میں وہ دیبل پر قبضہ کرنے میں کامیاب ہو گیا۔ اس نے پے در پے اپنی فاتحانہ پیش رفت جاری رکھی، نیرون، قلعہ (جسے سکہ کہا جاتا ہے)، برہمن آباد، الور، ملتان اور گجرات۔ ملتان کی فتح کے بعد، اس نے اپنے ہتھیار کشمیر کی بادشاہی کی سرحدوں تک لے گئے، لیکن اس کی برطرفی

BIOGRAPHY
September 30, 2022

Sumundara Gupta

Sumundara Gupta Samudragupta (reigned 335-380) was the second ruler of the Gupta Dynasty, who ushered in the Golden Age in India. He was a benevolent ruler, an excellent warrior, and a patron of the arts. Samudragupta, son of Chandragupta I, was perhaps the greatest king of the Gupta dynasty. He took the Gupta dynasty from its insignificant position to its dizzy heights. For his marvellous achievements, he has been described as the Napoleon of India. Dr V.A. Smith remarks “Samudragupta, the second Gupta monarch was one of the most remarkable and accomplished kings of India’s history”. Chandragupta, I selected Samudragupta as his successor in the presence of all his courtiers in the royal court. Therefore, Chandragupta-I blessed him, saying, “Protect you this Earth”. If Chandragupta-I and Kumardevi were the joint rulers, Samudragupta succeeded both of them. He was, in fact, proud of being the son of the daughter of the Lichchhav. He ascended the throne about 335 A.D. The choice of Samudragupta as king was accepted with joyous satisfaction by the advisors. But those who were of equal birth and were rivals to the throne became ‘pale-faced’ with disappointment. So scholars conclude that there have been other sons of Chandragupta-I who aspired to the throne and thus, the accession of Samudragupta was disputed. It’s said that the revolt of the other princes was headed by the eldest brother Kacha. But Samudragupta suppressed the revolt, killed Kacha, and ascended the throne. But other scholars say that Kacha was ready to seize the throne for a quick period during which he struck some coins and several other such coins bearing the name of Kacha are found. But other scholars don’t accept this view. They believe that Samudragupta had another name Kacha, and therefore the coins bearing that name were of Samudragupta himself The coins of Kacha earn the epithet ‘Sarva- Rajochhetta’ which term can apply only to a good warrior and conqueror like Samudragupta. Allan says, “Kacha was the original name of the emperor and he took the name Samudragupta in allusion to his conquests”. After the death of his father, his son Samudragupta began to rule the kingdom and didn’t rest until he conquered almost the full of India. His reigning period could also be described as a vast campaign. To start with, he attacked the neighbouring kingdoms of Shichchhatra (Rohilkhand) and Padmavati (in Central India). He conquered the entire Bengal and some Kingdoms in Nepal and he made Assam pay him tribute. He absorbed some Tribal states just like the Malvas, the Yaudheyas, the Arjunayanas, the Abhiras, and therefore the Madura. Samudragupta’s territories extended from the Himalayas in the north to the river Narbada in the south and from the Brahmaputra River in the east to the Yamuna River in the west. His greatest achievement can be described as the political unification of most of India or Aryavarta into a formidable power. He assumed the title of Maharajadhiraja (The King of the Kings). Samudragupta extended his Kingdom in the west over Khandesh and Palghat. However, he preferred to keep up friendly terms with Vatakata in Central India. He performed Aashvamadha Yajna (Horse Sacrifice) after winning every big battle. This great warrior had a benevolent heart. He showed great nobility towards all those kings who were defeated. He gave various tribal states autonomy under his protection. Knowing the invincible power of Samudragupta the frontier states came forward to submit themselves to him. Except for the vastness of his kingdom, Samudragupta received homage from a handful of foreign kings. The Kushan princes of the North-West ruled in peach beyond. In the Indus basin also, friendly relations were maintained with the King Mahendra of Ceylon who had built a splendid monastery at Bodh Gaya after obtaining the permission of Samudragupta. Samudragupta was a man of remarkable abilities and unusually varied gifts – warrior, statesman, general, poet and musician, philanthropist, he was all in one. As a patron of arts and letters, he epitomized the spirit of his age. Coins and inscriptions of the Gupta period bear testimony to his “versatile talents and ‘ Indefatigable energy”. Most certainly, Samudragupta is the father of the Gupta monetary system. He started maintaining seven different types of coins. They’re referred to as the quality Type, the Archer Type, the Battle Axe Type, the Aashvamedha Type, the Tiger Slayer Type, the King, and Queen Type, and also the Lyrist Type. They exhibit a fine quality of technical and sculptural finesse. He died in 380 A.D. سمندر گپت سمندر گپت (حکومت 335-380) گپتا خاندان کا دوسرا حکمران ہے جس نے ہندوستان میں سنہری دور کا آغاز کیا۔ وہ ایک مہربان حکمران، عظیم جنگجو اور فنون لطیفہ کا سرپرست تھا۔ چندر گپت اول کا بیٹا سمندر گپت شاید گپت خاندان کا سب سے بڑا بادشاہ تھا۔ اس نے گپتا خاندان کو اس کی غیر معمولی حیثیت سے اس کے چکر کی بلندیوں تک پہنچا دیا۔ ان کے شاندار کارناموں کے لیے انھیں ہندوستان کا نپولین کہا جاتا ہے۔ ڈاکٹر وی اے سمتھ نے ریمارکس دیے کہ ‘سمندرا گپت، دوسرا گپتا بادشاہ ہندوستان کی تاریخ کے سب سے قابل ذکر اور قابل بادشاہوں میں سے ایک تھا’۔ چندر گپت، نے شاہی دربار میں اپنے تمام درباریوں کی موجودگی میں سمندر گپت کو اپنا جانشین منتخب کیا۔ اس لیے چندرگپت اول نے اسے آشیرواد دیتے ہوئے کہا، ‘اس زمین کی حفاظت کرو’۔ اگر چندر گپت اول اور کمار دیوی مشترکہ حکمران تھے تو سمندر گپت ان دونوں کا جانشین ہوا۔ اسے درحقیقت لچھو کی بیٹی کا بیٹا ہونے پر فخر تھا۔ وہ تقریباً 335 عیسوی میں تخت پر بیٹھا، سمندر گپت کے بطور بادشاہ انتخاب کو مشیروں نے خوشی سے قبول کیا۔ لیکن وہ لوگ جو مساوی پیدائشی تھے اور تخت کے حریف تھے مایوسی کے ساتھ ’پیلا چہرہ‘ ہو گئے۔ چنانچہ علماء نے یہ نتیجہ اخذ کیا کہ چندر گپت اول کے دوسرے بیٹے بھی تھے جو تخت کے خواہشمند تھے اور اسی وجہ سے سمندر گپت کے الحاق پر اختلاف کیا گیا۔ کہا جاتا ہے کہ دوسرے شہزادوں کی

BIOGRAPHY
September 30, 2022

Kanishka

Kanishka Kanishka was the king of the Kushana Empire in South Asia. Kanishka is considered to be one of the foremost significant rulers of the Kushan Kingdom, a part that included the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, Afghanistan, and possibly regions north of Kashmir in central Asia. He was famous for his military, political, and spiritual achievements, and Ashoka and Harshavardhana are considered to be the best kings by Buddhists. He had an enormous empire, it extended from Oxus in the East to Varanasi in the West, and from Kashmir in the North to the coast of Gujarat including Malwa in the South. The date of his accession to the throne isn’t certain but is believed to be 78 AD. This year marks the start of an era, which is thought because of the Shaka era. Under Kanishka, the Kushan reached a brand new zenith in wealth and culture that highlighted art, architecture, literature, and science. The tolerance of the kingdom’s ruler toward different cultures and religions allowed Kushan to profit from the knowledge and wealth of a number of the best civilizations of the time. As a result of such cross-cultural connections, the Buddhist religion owes much of its development and spread throughout Asia to Kanishka and also Kushan. It is not known when Kanishka was born. The dates of his reign are subject to debate, but the foremost reliable dates seem to be from A.D. 78 to 103. Just how Kanishka came to power is additionally not known, but he succeeded Wema Kadphises II and was the fourth king of the Kushan. The Kushan Empire came into existence under Kajula Kadipheses in the north of India in Bactria.v Kanishka was tolerant of all religions. He issued many coins during his rule. His coins depict Hindu, Buddhist, Greek, Persian, and Sumerian-Elemite images of gods, showing his secular religious policy. he is remembered for his association with Buddhism. He was a Buddhist convert and convened the fourth Buddhist council in Kashmir. This council in Kashmir marked the start of the Mahayana cult of Buddhism. He patronized both the Gandhara School of Greco-Buddhist Art and also the Mathura School of Hindu Art. He sent Buddhist missionaries to numerous parts of the world to spread Buddhism. Kanishka is remembered in Buddhist architecture mainly for the multi-story relic tower, enshrining the relics of the Buddha, constructed by him at Peshawar. Under Kanishka, the Kushan spread their boundaries to include the world of present-day Afghanistan, northern India, and parts of Middle Asia. The capital city of this kingdom was Puruhapura, or modern Peshawar, Pakistan. The empire flourished economically because the Kushans were up-to-date with many of the world’s most vital civilizations, including Rome, China, and Parthia (a part of what today is Iran). Trade and commerce were encouraged and cities and urbanization followed. The ruins of a city established by Kanishka are discovered under present-day Taxila, India. The Kushans also had a good deal of control over a major trade route called the Silk Road. کنشک کنشک جنوبی ایشیا میں کشانہ سلطنت کا بادشاہ تھا۔ کنشک کو کشان سلطنت کے سب سے اہم اور اہم حکمرانوں میں سے ایک سمجھا جاتا ہے، ایک ایسا علاقہ جس میں برصغیر پاک و ہند کا شمالی حصہ، افغانستان، اور ممکنہ طور پر وسطی ایشیا میں کشمیر کے شمال میں واقع علاقے شامل تھے۔ وہ اپنی فوجی، سیاسی اور روحانی کامیابیوں کے لیے مشہور تھا، اور اشوک اور ہرش وردھن کو بدھ مت کے ماننے والوں کا سب سے بڑا بادشاہ سمجھا جاتا ہے۔ اس کی ایک وسیع سلطنت تھی، یہ مشرق میں آکسس سے لے کر مغرب میں وارانسی تک اور شمال میں کشمیر سے لے کر جنوب میں مالوا سمیت گجرات کے ساحل تک پھیلی ہوئی تھی۔ اس کے تخت پر فائز ہونے کی تاریخ یقینی نہیں ہے لیکن خیال کیا جاتا ہے کہ یہ 78 عیسوی ہے۔ یہ سال ایک دور کا آغاز ہے، جسے شکا دور کے نام سے جانا جاتا ہے۔ کنشک کے تحت، کشان دولت اور ثقافت میں ایک نئے عروج پر پہنچے جس نے فن، فن تعمیر، ادب اور سائنس کو اجاگر کیا۔ مختلف ثقافتوں اور مذاہب کے تئیں بادشاہی کے حکمران کی رواداری نے کشان کو اس وقت کی چند عظیم ترین تہذیبوں کے علم اور دولت سے فائدہ اٹھانے کا موقع دیا۔ اس طرح کے بین الثقافتی رابطوں کے نتیجے میں، بدھ مذہب اپنی زیادہ تر ترقی کا مرہون منت ہے اور پورے ایشیا میں کنشک اور کشان تک پھیل گیا۔ کنشک کی پیدائش کب ہوئی یہ معلوم نہیں ہے۔ اس کے دور حکومت کی تاریخیں بھی زیر بحث ہیں، لیکن سب سے زیادہ معتبر تاریخیں 78 سے 103 تک کی معلوم ہوتی ہیں۔ کنشک کس طرح برسراقتدار آیا، یہ بھی معلوم نہیں ہے، لیکن وہ ویما کدفیسس دوم کا جانشین ہوا اور کشان کا چوتھا بادشاہ تھا۔ . کشان سلطنت ہندوستان کے شمال میں باختر میں کجولا کاڈیفیسس کے تحت وجود میں آئی۔ کنشک تمام مذاہب کے تئیں روادار تھا۔ اس نے اپنے دور حکومت میں بہت سے سکے جاری کئے۔ اس کے سکوں میں ہندو، بدھسٹ، یونانی، فارسی، اور سمیرین-ایلیمیٹ دیوتاؤں کی تصویریں ہیں، جو اس کی سیکولر مذہبی پالیسی کو ظاہر کرتی ہیں۔ انہیں بدھ مت کے ساتھ وابستگی کے لیے یاد کیا جاتا ہے۔ وہ بدھ مت کے ماننے والے تھے اور انہوں نے کشمیر میں چوتھی بدھ کونسل بلائی۔ کشمیر میں اس کونسل نے بدھ مت کے مہایان فرقے کا آغاز کیا۔ اس نے گندھارا اسکول آف گریکو بدھسٹ آرٹ اور متھرا اسکول آف ہندو آرٹ دونوں کی سرپرستی کی۔ اس نے بدھ مت کو پھیلانے کے لیے بدھ مت کے مشنریوں کو دنیا کے مختلف حصوں میں بھیجا۔ کنشک کو بدھ فن تعمیر میں بنیادی طور پر کثیر المنزلہ اوشیش ٹاور کے لیے یاد کیا جاتا ہے، جس میں بدھ کے آثار کو شامل کیا جاتا ہے، جسے اس نے پشاور میں تعمیر کیا تھا۔ کنشک کے تحت، کشان نے موجودہ افغانستان، شمالی ہندوستان اور مشرق وسطیٰ کے کچھ حصوں کو شامل کرنے کے لیے اپنی حدود کو پھیلا دیا۔ اس

BIOGRAPHY
September 30, 2022

Ashoka

Ashoka Ashoka also called Ashoka the Great, was an Indian emperor of the Maurya Dynasty who ruled almost all of the Indian subcontinent from CA. 269 BC to 232 BC. One of India’s greatest emperors, Ashoka reigned over most of present-day India after some military conquests. His empire stretched from the Hindu Kush Mountains mountains in Afghanistan to present-day Bangladesh and therefore the Indian state of Assam in the east, and as far south as northern Kerala and Andhra Pradesh. He conquered the kingdom named Kalinga, which none of his ancestors had conquered starting from Chandragupta Maurya. His reign was headquartered in Magadha (present-day Bihar). He embraced Buddhism after witnessing the mass deaths of the Kalinga War, which he had waged out of a desire for conquest. He was later dedicated to the propagation of Buddhism across Asia and established monuments marking several significant sites in the life of Gautama Buddha. Ashoka was a lover of ahimsa (nonviolence), love, truth, tolerance, and vegetarianism. Ashoka is remembered in history as a philanthropic administrator. Ashoka was born to the Mauryan emperor Bindusara and his queen, Dharma [or Dhamma]. He was the grandson of Chandragupta Maurya, the founding father of the Mauryan dynasty. He had been given royal military training knowledge. He was a fearsome hunter, and consistent with a legend killed a lion with just a wooden rod. He was very adventurous and a trained fighter, who was known for his skills with the sword. thanks to his reputation as a frightening warrior and a heartless general, he was sent to curb the riots in the Avanti province of the Mauryan empire. Bindusara’s death in 273 BC led to a war over succession. consistent with Divyavandana, Bindusara wanted his son Sushim to succeed him but Ashoka was supported by his father’s ministers. A minister named Radhagupta seems to have played a very important role. Ashoka managed to become the king by getting obviate the legitimate heir to the throne, by tricking him into entering a pit stuffed with live coals. The Dipavansa and Mahavansa check with Ashoka killing 99 of his brothers, sparing just one, named Tissa, although there’s no clear proof about this incident. The coronation happened in 269 BC. The first part of Ashoka’s reign was quite bloodthirsty, he became a lover of the Buddha‘s teaching after his conquest of Kalinga on the east coast of India in the present-day states of Orissa and North Coastal Andhra Pradesh. Kalinga was a state that prided itself on its sovereignty and democracy. With its monarchical parliamentary democracy, it had been quite an exception in ancient Bharata where there existed the concept of Rajdharma. Rajdharma means the duty of the rulers, which was intrinsically entwined with the concept of bravery and Kshatriya dharma. The Kalinga War happened eight years after his coronation. From his 13th inscription, we come to understand that the battle was a massive one and caused the deaths of over 100,000 soldiers and plenty of civilians who rose in defence; over 150,000 were deported. When he was walking through the grounds of Kalinga after his conquest, rejoicing in his victory, he was moved by the number of bodies strewn there and therefore the wails of the kith and kin of the dead. ars after his succession to the throne. As the legend goes, at some point after the war was over, Ashoka ventured out to roam the city and everyone he could see were burnt houses and scattered corpses. The brutality of the conquest led him to adopt Buddhism, and he used his position to propagate the relatively new religion to new heights, as far as ancient Rome and Egypt. He made Buddhism his state religion around 260 BC, propagated it and preached it within his domain and worldwide from about 250 BC. Emperor Ashoka undoubtedly must be credited with the first serious try to develop a Buddhist policy. He is acclaimed for constructing hospitals for animals and renovating major roads throughout India. After this transformation, Ashoka came to be referred to as Dhammashoka (Sanskrit), meaning Ashoka, the follower of Dharma. Ashoka defined the principles of dharma as nonviolence, tolerance of all sects and opinions, obedience to parents, respect for the Brahmans and other religious teachers and priests, liberality towards friends, humane treatment of servants, and generosity towards all. These principles suggest a general ethic of behaviour to which no religion or group could object. Ashoka ruled for an estimated forty years. After his death, the Mauryan dynasty lasted just fifty more years. Ashoka had many wives and youngsters, but many of their names were lost to time. Mahindra and Sanghamitra were twins born by his first wife, Devi, in the city of Ujjain. He had entrusted to them the job of creating his state religion, Buddhism, more popular across the known and therefore the unknown world. Mahindra and Sanghamitra went into state and converted the King, the Queen, and their people to Buddhism. They were naturally not handling state affairs after him. The reign of Ashoka Maurya could easily have disappeared into history because the ages passed by and would have had he not left behind a record of his trials. The testimony of this wise king was discovered in the variety of magnificently sculpted pillars and boulders with a variety of actions and teachings he wished to be published etched into the stone. What Ashoka left behind was the first written communication in India since the traditional city of Harappa. The language used for inscription was the then-current spoken form called Prakrit. In the year 185 BC, about fifty years after Ashoka’s death, the last Maurya ruler, Brhadrata, was assassinated by the commander-in-chief of the Mauryan military, Pusyamitra Sunga, while he was taking the Guard of Honor of his forces. Pusyamitra Sunga founded the Sunga dynasty (185 BC-78 BC) and ruled just a fragmented part of the Mauryan Empire. Many of the northwestern territories of the Mauryan Empire (modern-day Afghanistan and Northern Pakistan) became the Indo-Greek Kingdom.

BIOGRAPHY
September 30, 2022

Kautilya

Kautilya Kautilya, also called Chanakya or Vishnugupta (flourished 300 BCE), Hindu statesman and philosopher who wrote a classic treatise on polity, Artha-shastra (“The Science of Material Gain”), a compilation of virtually everything that had been written in India up to his time regarding artha (property, economics, or material success). Chanakya’s birthplace is a matter of controversy, and there are multiple theories about his origin. In keeping with one theory, he was born in Pataliputra or a town in Kusumpur near it. In keeping with the Buddhist text Mahavamsa Tika, his birthplace was Taxila. The Jain scriptures like Adbidhana Chintamani mention him as a Dramila, implying that he was a native of south India. In keeping with other Jaina accounts, Chanakya was born in the village of Canada to Caṇin and Caṇesvari, a Brahmin couple. Other sources mention his father’s name as “Chanak”, and state that his name derives from his father’s name. Chanakya was educated at Takshashila, an ancient centre of learning located in north-western ancient India (present-day Pakistan). He later became a teacher (acharya) at the same place. Chanakya’s life was connected to 2 cities: Takshashila and Pataliputra(present-day Patna in Bihar, India). Pataliputra was the capital of the Magadha kingdom, which was connected to Takshashila by the northern high road of commerce. Chanakya and Chandragupta are credited with defeating the powerful Nanda Empire and establishing the new Maurya Empire. Mudrarakshasa (“The Signet of the Minister”), a play dated variously from the late 4th century to the first 8th century, narrates the ascent of Chandragupta Maurya to power: Sakatala, an unhappy royal minister, introduced Chanakya to the Nanda king, knowing that Chanakya wouldn’t be treated well in the court. Insulted at the court, Chanakya loosened the sikha (lock of hair) and swore that he wouldn’t tie it back till he destroyed the Nanda kingdom. In keeping with Mudrarakshasaa, Chandragupta was the son of a royal concubine named Mura and spent his childhood in the Nanda palace. Chanakya and Chandragupta signed a pact with Parvataka (identified with King Porus by some scholars) of northwest India that ensured his victory over the Nanda empire. Their combined army had Shaka, Yavana (Greek), Kirata, Kamboja, and Vahlik soldiers. Following their victory, the territories of the Nanda empire were divided between Parvataka and Chanakya’s associate Chandragupta. However, after Parvataka’s death, his son Malayaketu sought control of all the previous Nanda territories. He was supported by Rakshasaa, the previous Nanda minister, several of whose attempts to kill Chandragupta were foiled by Chanakya. As a part of their game plan, Chanakya and Chandragupta faked a rift between themselves. As a sham, Chandragupta removed Chanakya from his ministerial post, while declaring that Rakshasa is better than him. Chanakya’s agents in Malayaketu’s court then turned the king against Rakshasa by suggesting that Rakshasa was poised to interchange Chanakya in Chandragupta’s court. The activities by Chanakya’s spies further widened the rift between Malayaketu and Rakshasa. His agents also fooled Malayaketu into believing that the five of his allies were aiming to join Chandragupta, prompting Malayaketu to order their killings. In the end, Rakshasa winds up joining Chandragupta’s side and Malayaketu’s coalition is undone by Chanakya’s strategy. Once, Chanakya found a mother scolding her child for burning himself by eating from the centre of a bowl of porridge instead of the cooler edge. Chanakya realized his initial strategic error: he was attacking Magadha, the middle of the Nanda territory. He then changed his strategy and focused on capturing the areas located at the peripheries of the Nanda empire. With the help of Suvashini, he drove a wedge between the King and Rakshasa. Finally, he defeated the last Nanda king and established a replacement empire with Chandragupta Maurya because of the emperor. in step with the Buddhist texts, Chandragupta was the son of the chief of the Moriya clan of Pippalivana. Chanakya once saw him leading a band of local youth and was highly impressed. He picked Chandragupta because the leader of the anti-Nanda revolt. Chanakya continued to function as an advisor to Chandragupta after the establishment of the Maurya Empire. In step with a preferred legend mentioned in the Jain texts, Chanakya wants to add small doses of poison to the food eaten by Emperor Chandragupta Maurya, to create proof against the poisoning attempts by the enemies. Unaware, Chandragupta once fed a number of his food to his queen Durdhara who was 7 days away from delivery. The queen, not immune to the poison, collapsed and died in a few minutes. To save the heir to the throne, Chanakya cut the queen’s belly open and extracted the fetus even as she died. The baby was named Bindusara because he was touched by a drop (Bindu) of blood having poison. When Bindusara was in his youth, Chandragupta gave up the throne and followed the Jain saint Bhadrabahu to present-day Karnataka and settled in the place of Shravana Belagola. He lived as an ascetic for a few years and died of voluntary starvation in step with Jain tradition. Chanakya meanwhile stayed in the court as an advisor to Bindusara. The real reason for Chanakya’s death is unknown and disputed. in step with a legend, Subandhu, one of Bindusara’s ministers, didn’t like Chanakya. In the future, he told Bindusara that Chanakya was chargeable for the murder of his mother. Bindusara asked the nurses, who confirmed the story of his birth. Bindusara was horrified and enraged. When Chanakya, who was an old man by now, learned that the King was angry with him, he decided to finish his life. Per the Jain tradition, he decided to starve himself to death. By now, the King learned the whole story: Chanakya wasn’t directly to blame for his mother’s death, which was an accident. He asked Subandhu to convince Chanakya to give up his conception to kill himself. However, Subandhu, pretending to conduct a ceremony for Chanakya, burnt Chanakya alive. Two books are attributed to Chanakya: Arthashastra and Neetishastra (also referred to as Chanakya Niti). The Arthashastra

BIOGRAPHY
September 30, 2022

Chandra Gupta Maurya

Chandra Gupta Maurya Chandragupta was the founding father of the Maurya dynasty, which ruled ancient India for about 140 years. His troops conquered one northern Indian kingdom after another and claimed lands that stretched as far west as Afghanistan. In this way, Chandragupta united northern India under one ruler for the first time in history. He established the first territorial empire in ancient India, covering most of the Indian subcontinent. He was assisted by his political adviser, KAUTALYA, who also commenced the principles for the administration of the country. This broad framework of the administrative organization was adopted by many succeeding dynasties. Chandragupta Maurya’s origins were shrouded in mystery. Having been remarked by peacock tamers, he can be of low caste birth. In keeping with other sources, Chandragupta Maurya was the son of a Nanda prince and a dasi called Mura. It’s also possible that Chandragupta was of the Maurya tribe of Kshatriyas. Much of what’s known about his youth is gathered from later classical literature, yet classical Greek and Latin sources discuss Chandragupta by the names ‘Sandracottos’ or ‘Andracottus’. Chandragupta Maurya was born into this changing ancient land, near Pataliputra, where, in the sixth century BCE, Magadha rulers had raised armies to overcome widely and build the first large state in the region. From the obscure Moriya clan, Chandragupta may have owned some land around Magadha before he led Magadha armies to overcome janapadas as far west as Punjab and Sind. In doing so, he had crossed a cultural divide. Agro-pastoral warrior lineages controlling various janapadas had diverse cultural identities, but later Vedic sources indicate that some had embraced Aryan culture as far east as Prayaga (Allahabad). Magadha lay further east on the outer fringe of Aryan culture, and it was here in the east that Buddha Gautama had composed a spiritual and ethical path that diverged from Aryan Brahmanism. Having conquered local competitors, the armies of Magadha expanded west. Victorious commanders subordinated janapadas under an imperial authority whose main work was to keep up its capability. This rudimentary imperial scaffolding provided a framework for Chandragupta’s ambition. In the far west, Magadha troops faced Achaemenid Greek armies marching across Persia. As Greek soldiers marched east and Magadha troops marched west, they both knew they were following old routes of long-distance travel, but they didn’t know that they were creating a brand new world of politics that would stretch from Greece to Assam. Routes from Europe to the Orient and from Magadha to Persia met in Punjab; thus the Indus became the symbolic western border of a vicinity that Greeks called ‘India’. The original division of Asia and Europe, East and West, Orient and Occident derived from military competition over routes and resources flowing across ancient Eurasia. Ancient empires thus invented cultural boundaries that we still accept today; how these territorial identities declined to the current is a long story that we are going to follow in the coming chapters. Chandragupta won wars for Magadha in Sind and should have fought Alexander the Nice in Punjab before Alexander’s army mutinied to force a Greek retreat down the Indus in 327 BCE. Alexander then sailed to Mesopotamia and died in Babylon at age thirty-four. After Alexander died in 323 BCE, Chandragupta, turned his attention to Northwestern India (modern Pakistan), where he defeated the satrapies (described as “prefects” in classical Western sources) left in situ by Alexander. Chandragupta marched east, conquered his overlords, and became South Asia’s first emperor. He launched his Maurya imperial dynasty by building on Magadha victories to include janapadas during a structure of military command that eventually deployed nine thousand elephants, thirty thousand cavalry, eight thousand chariots, and several other hundred thousand soldiers on its many battlefields. Supporting its war machine with taxes, troops, provisions, commanders, and victories preoccupied the Maurya state, which sustained a political candidate elite that was the first of its kind. Elite intellectuals became the brains of the empire. One legendary figure was Kautilya, referred to as the author of the Arthasastra, a manual of statecraft and administration. This text wasn’t completed until the Gupta age, 600 years later, and thus it constitutes one of many links between the 2 classical empires of the Ganga basin. The Mauryan Empire, which Chandragupta founded, owes its name to the house of the Mauryas, under whose rule the Indian subcontinent saw, for the first time in history, a substantial degree of political unity. The empire lasted until 187 BC. The Mauryan Empire was very strong and independent because it had some quiet political unity. Everything starts in the Mauryan capital. The Mauryan capital was Pataliputra (present-day Patna), the chief city of the old kingdom of Magadha. The economy, altogether its important aspects, was controlled by the state, and mines, forests, large farms, munitions, and spinning industries were state-owned and managed. The people were divided into seven endogamous groups– philosophers, peasants, herdsmen, traders, soldiers, organizations, and councillors. the military was composed of the four traditional Indian divisions: forces mounted on elephants, chariots, cavalry, and infantry, and cared-for large (Chandragupta’s forces reputedly numbered 600,000 men). The religious life of the empire may best be characterized as pluralistic. The overall religious policy of the Mauryas was to encourage tolerance. At present time the Maurya Empire is remembered collectively as the golden age of Indian history, a time when the country was united and independent. Chandragupta Maurya renounced his throne to his son, Bindusara, who became the new Mauryan Emperor. Chandragupta then became an ascetic under the Jain saint Bhadrabahu Swami, migrating south with him and ending his days in self-starvation at Shravanabelagola, in present-day Karnataka. چندر گپتا موریہ چندرگپت موریہ خاندان کا بانی تھا جس نے قدیم ہندوستان پر تقریباً 140 سال حکومت کی۔ اس کی فوجوں نے ایک کے بعد ایک شمالی ہندوستان کی سلطنت کو فتح کیا اور ان زمینوں کا دعویٰ کیا جو مغرب میں افغانستان تک پھیلی ہوئی تھیں۔ اس طرح چندرگپت نے تاریخ میں پہلی بار شمالی ہندوستان کو ایک حکمران کے تحت متحد